The following states came from the territory north and west of the Ohio river: Ohio (1803), Indiana (1816), Illinois (1818), Michigan (1837), Wisconsin (1848) and Minnesota (1858). Besides that, however, the federal government was still figuring out its role in American society. Speech of Senator Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina, January 27, 1830. . Edited and introduced by Jason W. Stevens. Then he began his speech, his words flowing on so completely at command that a fellow senator who heard him likened his elocution to the steady flow of molten gold. Webster believed that the Constitution should be viewed as a binding document between the United States rather than an agreement between sovereign states. Speech of Senator Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina, January 19, 1830. Expert Answers. More specifically, some of the issues facing Congress during this period included: Robert Y. Hayne served as Senator of South Carolina from 1823 to 1832. Whose agent is it? They ordained such a government; they gave it the name of a Constitution, and therein they established a distribution of powers between this, their general government, and their several state governments. What was going on? . Webster-Hayne Debate. . What idea was espoused with the Webster-Hayne debates? . One of those was the Webster-Hayne debate, a series of unplanned speeches presented before the Senate between January 19th and 27th of 1830. I now proceed to show that it is perfectly safe, and will practically have no effect but to keep the federal government within the limits of the Constitution, and prevent those unwarrantable assumptions of power, which cannot fail to impair the rights of the states, and finally destroy the Union itself. Senator Foote, of Connecticut, submitted a proposition inquiring into the expediency of limiting the sales of public lands to those already in the market. A four-speech debate between Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Robert Hayne of South Carolina, in January 1830. His speech was indeed a powerful one of its eloquence and personality. In our contemplation, Carolina and Ohio are parts of the same country; states, united under the same general government, having interests, common, associated, intermingled. Liberty has been to them the greatest of calamities, the heaviest of curses. In this moment in American history, the federal government had relatively little power. One of the most storied match-ups in Senate history, the 1830 Webster-Hayne debate began with a beef between Northeast states and Western states over a plan to restrict . Webster denied it and, attempting to draw Hayne into a direct confrontation, disparaged slavery and attacked the constitutional scruples of southern nullifiers and their apparent willingness to calculate the Union's value in monetary terms. Such interference has never been supposed to be within the power of government; nor has it been, in any way, attempted. What followed, the Webster Hayne debate, was one of the most famous exchanges in Senate history. Consolidation!that perpetual cry, both of terror and delusionconsolidation! Go to these cities now, and ask the question. This feeling, always carefully kept alive, and maintained at too intense a heat to admit discrimination or reflection, is a lever of great power in our political machine. In a time when the country was undergoing some drastic changes, this debate managed to encapsulate the essence of the growing tensions dividing the nation. . The Webster-Hayne debate was a series of spontaneous speeches presented to the United States Senate by senators Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina. . Speech of Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, January 20, 1830. . The speech is also known for the line Liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable, which would subsequently become the state motto of North Dakota, appearing on the state seal. What started as a debate over the Tariff of Abominations soon morphed into debates over state and federal sovereignty and liberty and disunion. The people were not satisfied with it, and undertook to establish a better. His ideas about federalism and his interpretation of the Constitution as a document uniting the states under one supreme law were highly influential in the eyes of his contemporaries and would influence the rebuilding of the nation after the Civil War. Speech of Senator Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina, January 25, 1830. . Ham, one of Noahs sons, saw him uncovered, for which Noah cursed him by making Hams son, Canaan, a slave to Ham's brothers. Sir, the very chief end, the main design, for which the whole Constitution was framed and adopted, was to establish a government that should not be obliged to act through state agency, or depend on state opinion and state discretion. The scene depicted in the painting is Webster concluding his debate with Senator Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina. The great debate, which culminated in Hayne's encounter with Webster, came about in a somewhat casual way. Web hardcover $30.00 paperback $17.00 kindle nook book ibook. He rose, the image of conscious mastery, after the dull preliminary business of the day was dispatched, and with a happy figurative allusion to the tossed mariner, as he called for a reading of the resolution from which the debate had so far drifted, lifted his audience at once to his level. By means of missionaries and political tracts, the scheme was in a great measure successful. Even more pointedly, his speech reflected a decade of arguments from other Massachusetts conservatives who argued against supposed threats to New England's social order.[2]. Speech on the Repeal of the Missouri Compromise. But that was found insufficient, and inadequate to the public exigencies. Tariff of 1816 History & Significance | What was the Tariff of 1816? . Assuredly not. . I deem far otherwise of the Union of the states; and so did the Framers of the Constitution themselves. Read reviews from world's largest community for readers. | 12 Hayne, South Carolina's foremost Senator, was the chosen champion; and the cause of his State, both in its right and wrong sides, could have found no abler exponent while [Vice President] Calhoun's official station kept him from the floor. 1824 Presidential Election, Candidates & Significance | Who Won the Election of 1824? I spoke, sir, of the ordinance of 1787, which prohibited slavery, in all future times, northwest of the Ohio,[6] as a measure of great wisdom and foresight; and one which had been attended with highly beneficial and permanent consequences. Sir, we will not stop to inquire whether the black man, as some philosophers have contended, is of an inferior race, nor whether his color and condition are the effects of a curse inflicted for the offences of his ancestors. The purpose of the Constitution was to permit cooperation between states under a shared political standard, but that meant that any growth in a federal government threatened the sovereignty of the states. The people of the United States have declared that this Constitution shall be the Supreme Law. . The Union to be preserved, while it suits local and temporary purposes to preserve it; and to be sundered whenever it shall be found to thwart such purposes. If these opinions be thought doubtful, they are, nevertheless, I trust, neither extraordinary nor disrespectful. flashcard sets. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 88,000 . Webster's description of the U.S. government as "made for the people, made by the people, and answerable to the people," was later paraphrased by Abraham Lincoln in the Gettysburg Address in the words "government of the people, by the people, for the people." . An equally talented orator, Webster rose as the advocate of the North in the debate with his captivating reply to Hayne's initial argument. Webster was eloquent, he was educated, he was witty, and he was a staunch defender of American liberty. The gentleman, therefore, only follows out his own principles; he does no more than arrive at the natural conclusions of his own doctrines; he only announces the true results of that creed, which he has adopted himself, and would persuade others to adopt, when he thus declares that South Carolina has no interest in a public work in Ohio. This would have been the case even if no positive provision to that effect had been inserted in that instrument. It has always been regarded as a matter of domestic policy, left with the states themselves, and with which the federal government had nothing to do. She has a BA in political science. So soon as the cessions were obtained, it became necessary to make provision for the government and disposition of the territory . . Webster's "Second Reply to Hayne" was generally regarded as "the most eloquent speech ever delivered in Congress."[1]. All regulated governments, all free governments, have been broken up by similar disinterested and well-disposed interference! This is the true constitutional consolidation. . . The debate itself, a nine-day long unplanned exchange between Senators Robert Y. Hayne and Daniel Webster, directly addressed the methods by which the federal government was generating revenue, namely through protective tariffs and the selling of federal lands in the newly acquired western territories. What interest, asks he, has South Carolina in a canal in Ohio? Sir, this very question is full of significance. Ah! Record of the Organization and Proceedings of The Massachusetts Lawmakers Investigate Working Condit State (Colonial) Legislatures>Massachusetts State Legislature. While the Union lasts, we have high, exciting, gratifying prospects spread out before us, for us and our children. Daniel Webster argued against nullification (the idea that states could disobey federal laws) arguing in favor of a strong federal government which would bind the states together under the Constitution. Address before the Wisconsin State Agricultural So "The Whole Affair Seems the Work of a Madman", John Brown and the Principle of Nonresistance. It cannot be doubted, and is not denied, that before the formation of the constitution, each state was an independent sovereignty, possessing all the rights and powers appertaining to independent nations; nor can it be denied that, after the Constitution was formed, they remained equally sovereign and independent, as to all powers, not expressly delegated to the federal government. . Southern states advocated for strong, sovereign state governments, a small federal government, the western expansion of the agricultural economy, and with it, the maintenance of the institution of slavery. After his term as a senator, he served as the Governor of South Carolina. . The debate, which took place between January 19th and January 27th, 1830, encapsulated the major issues facing the newly founded United States in the 1820s and 1830s; the balance of power between the federal and state governments, the development of the democratic process, and the growing tension between Northern and Southern states. The gentleman has made an eloquent appeal to our hearts in favor of union. Visit the dark and narrow lanes, and obscure recesses, which have been assigned by common consent as the abodes of those outcasts of the worldthe free people of color. At the foundation of the constitution of these new Northwestern states, . This will co-operate with the feelings of patriotism to induce a state to avoid any measures calculated to endanger that connection. That's what was happening out West. I know that there are some persons in the part of the country from which the honorable member comes, who habitually speak of the Union in terms of indifference, or even of disparagement. South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification 1832 | Crisis, Cause & Issues. I wish to see no new powers drawn to the general government; but I confess I rejoice in whatever tends to strengthen the bond that unites us, and encourages the hope that our Union may be perpetual. Sir, I deprecate and deplore this tone of thinking and acting. I propose to consider it, and to compare it with the Constitution. The Perpetuation of Our Political Institutions Add Song of the Spinners from the Lowell Offering. Is it the creature of the state legislatures, or the creature of the people? . On that system, Carolina has no more interest in a canal in Ohio than in Mexico. . The gentleman insists that the states have no right to decide whether the constitution has been violated by acts of Congress or not,but that the federal government is the exclusive judge of the extent of its own powers; and that in case of a violation of the constitution, however deliberate, palpable and dangerous, a state has no constitutional redress, except where the matter can be brought before the Supreme Court, whose decision must be final and conclusive on the subject. Chris has a master's degree in history and teaches at the University of Northern Colorado. Debate on the Constitutionality of the Mexican War, Letters and Journals from the Oregon Trail. God grant that on my vision never may be opened what lies behind. There was no winner or loser in the Webster-Hayne debate. We resolved to make the best of the situation in which Providence had placed us, and to fulfil the high trust which had developed upon us as the owners of slaves, in the only way in which such a trust could be fulfilled, without spreading misery and ruin throughout the land. . The main issue of the Webster-Hayne Debate was the nature of the country that had been created by the Constitution. If an inquiry should ever be instituted in these matters, however, it will be found that the profits of the slave trade were not confined to the South. - Definition and Uses, Public Speaking: Assignment 1 - Informative Speech, Public Speaking: Assignment 3 - Special Occasion Speech, The Role of Probability Distributions, Random Numbers & the Computer in Simulations, The Monte Carlo Simulation: Scope & Common Applications, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, The methods by which the federal government earned its revenue, The federal government's surveying and selling of land west of the Mississippi River, The issue of slavery, which was beginning to divide the Northern and Southern states, The balance of power between federal and state governments. Speech on Assuming Office of the President. . . Daniel webster, in a dramatic speech, showed the. . Regional Conflict in America: Debate Over States' Rights. The gentleman, indeed, argues that slavery, in the abstract, is no evil. He was dressed with scrupulous care, in a blue coat with metal buttons, a buff vest rounding over his full abdomen, and his neck encircled with a white cravat. This, sir, is General Washingtons consolidation. As sovereign states, each state could individually interpret the Constitution and even leave the Union altogether. Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) | Case, Significance & Summary. sir, this is but the old story. Address to the People of the United States, by the What are the main points of difference between Webster and Hayne, especially on the question of the nature of the Union and the Constitution? The Revelation on Celestial Marriage: Trouble Amon Hon. For Calhoun, see the Speech on Abolition Petitions and the Speech on the Oregon Bill. Which of the following statements best represents the desires of the Northern states during the debate of Missouri statehood? This debate exposed the critically different understandings of the nature of the American. Noah grew a vineyard, got drunk on wine and lay naked. The debates between daniel webster of massachusetts and robert hayne of south carolina gave. . Nor shall I stop there. In all the efforts that have been made by South Carolina to resist the unconstitutional laws which Congress has extended over them, she has kept steadily in view the preservation of the Union, by the only means by which she believes it can be long preserveda firm, manly, and steady resistance against usurpation. a. an explanation of natural events that is well supported by scientific evidence b. a set of rules for ethical conduct during an experiment c. a statement that describes how natural events happen d. a possible answer to a scientific question Our Core Document Collection allows students to read history in the words of those who made it. I understand the honorable gentleman from South Carolina to maintain, that it is a right of the state legislatures to interfere, whenever, in their judgment, this government transcends its constitutional limits, and to arrest the operation of its laws. This absurdity (for it seems no less) arises from a misconception as to the origin of this government and its true character. . During the course of the debates, the senators touched on pressing political issues of the daythe tariff, Western lands, internal improvementsbecause behind these and others were two very different understandings of the origin and nature of the American Union. The excited crowd which had packed the Senate chamber, filling every seat on the floor and in the galleries, and all the available standing room, dispersed after the orator's last grand apostrophe had died away in the air, with national pride throbbing at the heart. . But I take leave of the subject. Robert Young Hayne, (born Nov. 10, 1791, Colleton District, S.C., U.S.died Sept. 24, 1839, Asheville, N.C.), American lawyer, political leader, and spokesman for the South, best-remembered for his debate with Daniel Webster (1830), in which he set forth a doctrine of nullification. This is the sum of what I understand from him, to be the South Carolina doctrine; and the doctrine which he maintains. But I do not understand the doctrine now contended for to be that which, for the sake of distinctness, we may call the right of revolution. . Who doesn't? . .Readers will finish the book with a clear idea of the reason Webster's "Reply" became so influential in its own day. Next, the Union was held up to view in all its strength, symmetry, and integrity, reposing in the ark of the Constitution, no longer an experiment, as in the days when Hamilton and Jefferson contended for shaping its course, but ordained and established by and for the people, to secure the blessings of liberty to all posterity. Now, I wish to be informedhowthis state interference is to be put in practice, without violence, bloodshed, and rebellion. It is observable enough, that the doctrine for which the honorable gentleman contends, leads him to the necessity of maintaining, not only that this general government is the creature of the states, but that it is the creature of each of the states severally; so that each may assert the power, for itself, of determining whether it acts within the limits of its authority. Webster stood in favor of Connecticut's proposal that the federal government should stop surveying western land and sell the land it had already surveyed to boost it's revenue and strengthen it's authority. In whatever is within the proper sphere of the constitutional power of this government, we look upon the states as one. He speaks as if he were in Congress before 1789. Are we in that condition still? For the next several days, the men traded speeches which contemporaries of the time described as the greatest orations ever delivered in the Senate. It was not a Union to be torn up without bloodshed; for nerves and arteries were interwoven with its roots and tendrils, sustaining the lives and interests of twelve million inhabitants. Correspondence Between Anthony Butler and Presiden State of the Union Address Part II (1846). . And, therefore, I cannot but feel regret at the expression of such opinions as the gentleman has avowed; because I think their obvious tendency is to weaken the bond of our connection. While the debaters argued about slavery, the economy, protection tariffs, and western land, the real implication was the meaning of the United States Constitution. The people of the United States cherish a devotion to the Union, so pure, so ardent, that nothing short of intolerable oppression, can ever tempt them to do anything that may possibly endanger it. Our notion of things is entirely different. In contrasting the state of Ohio with Kentucky, for the purpose of pointing out the superiority of the former, and of attributing that superiority to the existence of slavery, in the one state, and its absence in the other, I thought I could discern the very spirit of the Missouri question[1] intruded into this debate, for objects best known to the gentleman himself. Thousands of these deluded victims of fanaticism were seduced into the enjoyment of freedom in our Northern cities. Francis O. J. Smith to Secretary of State Dan Special Message to the House of Representatives, Special Message to Congress on Mexican Relations. Union, of itself, is considered by the disciples of this school as hardly a good. Where in these debates do we see a possible argument in defense of Constitutional secession by the states, later claimed by the Southern Confederacy before, during, and after the Civil War? Consolidation, like the tariff, grates upon his ear. . That led into a debate on the economy, in which Webster attacked the institution of slavery and Hayne labeled the policy of protectionist tariffs as the consolidation of a strong central government, which he called the greatest of evils. Sir, I have had some opportunities of making comparisons between the condition of the free Negroes of the North and the slaves of the South, and the comparison has left not only an indelible impression of the superior advantages of the latter, but has gone far to reconcile me to slavery itself. South Carolina nullification was now coming in sight, and a celebrated debate that belongs to the first session exposed its claims and its fallacies to the country. They will also better understand the debate's political context. They cherish no deep and fixed regard for it, flowing from a thorough conviction of its absolute and vital necessity to our welfare. we find the most opposite and irreconcilable opinions between the two parties which I have before described. By the time it ended nine days later, the focus had shifted to the vastly more cosmic concerns of slavery and the nature of the federal Union. An error occurred trying to load this video. They have agreed, that certain specific powers shall be exercised by the federal government; but the moment that government steps beyond the limits of its charter, the right of the states to interpose for arresting the progress of the evil, and for maintaining within their respective limits the authorities, rights, and liberties, appertaining to them,[7] is as full and complete as it was before the Constitution was formed. Webster replied to his speech the next day and left not a shred of the charge, baseless as it was. Rachel Venter is a recent graduate of Metropolitan State University of Denver. . [O]pinions were expressed yesterday on the general subject of the public lands, and on some other subjects, by the gentleman from South Carolina [Senator Robert Hayne], so widely different from my own, that I am not willing to let the occasion pass without some reply. . God grant that, in my day, at least, that curtain may not rise. The debate was important because it laid out the arguments in favor of nationalism in the face of growing sectionalism. At the time of the debate, Webster was serving his term as Senator of Massachusetts. In 1830, the federal government collected few taxes and had two primary sources of revenue. The specific issue that sparked the Webster-Hayne debate was a proposal by the state of Connecticut which said that the federal government should halt its surveying of land west of the Mississippi and focus on selling the land it had already surveyed to private citizens. The Hayne-Webster Debate was an unplanned series of speeches in the Senate, during which Robert Hayne of South Carolina interpreted the Constitution as little more than a treaty between sovereign states, and Daniel Webster expressed the concept of the United States as one nation. Jackson himself would raise a national toast for 'the Union' later that year. To them, the more money the central government made, the stronger it became and the more it took rights away from the states to govern themselves. Connecticut's proposal was an attempt to slow the growth of the nation, control westward expansion, and bolster the federal government's revenue. A speech by Louisiana Senator Edward Livingston, however, neatly explains how American nationhood encompasses elements of both Webster and Hayne's ideas. ", What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?. Democratic Party Platform 1860 (Breckinridge Facti (Southern) Democratic Party Platform Committee. This was the man to fire an aristocracy of fellow citizens ready to arm when their interests were in danger, and upon him, it devolved to advance the cause of South Carolina, break down the tariff, and fascinate the Union with the new rattlesnake theories. The dominant historical opinion of the famous debate between Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Robert Young Hayne of South Carolina which took place in the United States Senate in 1830 has long been that Webster defeated Hayne both as an orator and a statesman. They will also better understand the debate's political context. What idea was espoused with the Webster-Hayne debates? Webster scoffed at the idea of consolidation, labeling it "that perpetual cry, both of terror and delusion." What Hayne and his supporters actually meant to do, Webster claimed, was to resist those means that might strengthen the bonds of common interest. The faction of voters in the North were against slavery and feared it spreading into new territory. An accomplished politician, Hayne was an eloquent orator who enthralled his audiences. When the honorable member rose, in his first speech, I paid him the respect of attentive listening; and when he sat down, though surprised, and I must say even astonished, at some of his opinions, nothing was farther from my intention than to commence any personal warfare: and through the whole of the few remarks I made in answer, I avoided, studiously and carefully, everything which I thought possible to be construed into disrespect. What can I say? This is a delicate and sensitive point, in southern feeling; and of late years it has always been touched, and generally with effect, whenever the object has been to unite the whole South against northern men, or northern measures. Most assuredly, I need not say I differ with him, altogether and most widely, on that point.
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