T2 relaxation, also known as spin-spin relaxation or transverse relaxation, refers to the progressive dephasing of spinning dipoles resulting in decay in the magnetization in the transverse plane (Mxy). Unable to process the form. Disclaimer. Pathological tissue usually has more water than normal brain so this is a good type to scan to pick this up. Synergistic Contrast MRI (scMRI), a general analysis to explain the T1/T2 "paradox" above where two tissue properties may augment or oppose one another depending on the pulse sequence used.). I am really worried? Saunders Ltd. (2007) ISBN:0702028444. The contrast that goes into your vein for the MRI seeps out of leaky blood vessels in the brain where there is active inflammation. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. Another possible cause of these white matter lesions could be Lyme disease. You have brain structures that show up white on MRI in this area. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. My Dad has metastic NSC Lung cancer. what does it mean? Cervical (neck) spinal cord T2/FLAIR lesions could cause tingling and numbness in the hands and legs. [2] They are also seen in a number of neurological disorders and psychiatric illnesses. The pattern of T1 lesions with contrast changes from month to month. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. This dephasing effect has been likened to the opening of a Chinese fan. QT prolongation is the medical term for an extended interval between the heart contracting and relaxing. Pathological tissue usually has more water than normal brain so this is a good type to scan to pick this up. In pure water T2 is long, about 3-4 seconds because water molecules move considerably faster than the Larmor frequency. There is also mild susceptibility differences between bone and soft tissue that could contribute to a dark appearance at interfaces, as between marrow and bone trabecula. 2021 May 27;7(1):46. doi: 10.1038/s41394-021-00411-8. Would you like email updates of new search results? Please Note: You can also scroll through stacks with your mouse wheel or the keyboard arrow keys. People who have risk factors for cardiovascular disease also have a greater risk of developing white matter disease. 2000 Nov;10(4):689-704 ,viii. prolonged illness. Would you kindly let me know what this means. MedHelp is not a medical or healthcare provider and your use of this Site does not create a doctor / patient relationship. "White matter hyperintensities" (lesions that appear bright white on certain sequences of MRI scans) " Leukoaraiosis " (a term that is used if the spots are thought to be caused by decreased blood flow. T2/FLAIR images show the total amount of scar from MS from its onset. Neurol Sci. What does it mean? ? ), An index system for comparative parameter weighting in MR imaging, New options for increasing the sensitivity, specificity and scope of synergistic contrast magnetic resonance imaging (scMRI) using Multiplied, Added, Subtracted and/or FiTted (MASTIR) pulse sequences, Pulse sequences as tissue property filters (TP-filters): a way of understanding the signal, contrast and weighting of magnetic resonance images. We disclaim all responsibility for the professional qualifications and licensing of, and services provided by, any physician or other health providers posting on or otherwise referred to on this Site and/or any Third Party Site. It does not store any personal data. 2008 Dec;52(6):535-43. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1673.2008.02017.x. 2020 Jul;16(3):369-375. doi: 10.3988/jcn.2020.16.3.369. Long T2 fluids with few macromolecules such as water, urine, and CSF will appear bright on T2-weighted images. How long does supraspinatus tendinopathy take to heal? Doctors typically provide answers within 24 hours. neurologist isn't worried. Top answers from doctors based on your search: Created for people with ongoing healthcare needs but benefits everyone. You have brain structures that show up white on, in this area. That is the case with my hubby. Loss of signal and darkness on T2-weighted images in cortical bone, teeth, calculi is primarily a result of little water (low proton density) unlike tendons and ligaments 3. What is increased T2 signal on MRI report? The Content on this Site is presented in a summary fashion, and is intended to be used for educational and entertainment purposes only. Mri report.multiple nonspecific small subcortical foci of t2 prolongation in the left cerebrum. The hyperintense lesion could be due to a cyst or tumor. Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord (SCD). The topics discussed in Part B of this two part series include multiple sclerosis, subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord, cord infarction, arteriovenous shunts, transverse myelitis, neurosarcoidosis, AIDS-associated vacuolar myelopathy, and syringohydromyelia. Connect with a U.S. board-certified doctor by text or video anytime, anywhere. What does Mild periventricular and subcortical abnormal T2 andsparing posterior fossa and brainstem mean on mri? [7], White matter hyperintensities can be caused by a variety of factors including ischemia, micro-hemorrhages, gliosis, damage to small blood vessel walls, breaches of the barrier between the cerebrospinal fluid and the brain, or loss and deformation of the myelin sheath. I received my MRI result today. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. {"url":"/signup-modal-props.json?lang=us"}, Bashir U, Rock P, Murphy A, et al. 1.2 x 0.5" No associated pathological enhancement after contract administered. It is very common and usually clinically insignificant. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. and transmitted securely. ? However, continued development of new brain T2/FLAIR lesions could lead to new attacks and thinking problems such as short-term memory loss or trouble keeping track of multiple tasks at the same time. We disclaim all responsibility for the professional qualifications and licensing of, and services provided by, any physician or other health providers posting on or otherwise referred to on this Site and/or any Third Party Site. Educational text answers on HealthTap are not intended for individual diagnosis, treatment or prescription. PMC 2009 Dec;53(6):558. doi: 10.1111/j.1754-9485.2009.02123.x. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Carroll T, Smith CD, Liu X, Bonaventura B, Mann N, Liu J, Ebraheim NA. T2 relaxation, also known as spin-spin relaxation or transverse relaxation, refers to the progressive dephasing of spinning dipoles resulting in decay in the magnetization in the transverse plane (M xy).Following a radiofrequency pulse, this form of relaxation occurs with the time constant T2, where T2 is the time it takes for the transverse magnetization vector to decay to 1/e or 37% of its . A tesla 3 mri w & w/o gad found patchy t2 prolongation in the pons which was more prominent than my 2013 mri. Usually this is due to an increased water content of the tissue. Farr's physics for medical imaging. The poor blood supply and vascularity of tendons mean that is can take a long time for them to heal on there own. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Would have to know the patients entire history and have all data that is availabl What does it mean if a t2 prolongation on brain mri is getting larger? This is related to the rate of rotation and translation of the water molecule or adjacent dipoles. The Content on this Site is presented in a summary fashion, and is intended to be used for educational and entertainment purposes only. Supraspinatus tendinopathy can be graded using a modified 4-point scale from 0 to 3 based on previous studies. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". The result is that the Mxy component of the magnetic vector decreases exponentially as a function of the T2 time constant (Figure 1). Synonym Discussion of Prolong. Dr. Stuart Hickersonanswered Family Medicine 33 years experience Talk now MRI: Your brain has ventricles which are fluid filled cavities on the inside of you brain. 2. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Usually, especially in older people, it means changes in the blood vessels in the brain. T2/FLAIR lesions can directly account for some symptoms. to serve as a baseline evaluation and staging the disease process. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Does a "focus of T2 hypersensitivity" on an MRI always mean a lesion, or can it mean something else? It can cause issues with memory, balance and mobility. Hyperintensities are commonly divided into 3 types depending on the region of the brain where they are found. Diagnosis is based on the appearance of the rotator cuff tendons (grading system) and the presence or absence of signs denoting involvement of the subacromial bursa and subacromialsubdeltoid plane. However, when T2 and D* are both decreased as with many prostate tumors, the T2 contrast is negative and the D* contrast is positive. It is not intended to be and should not be interpreted as medical advice or a diagnosis of any health or fitness problem, condition or disease; or a recommendation for a specific test, doctor, care provider, procedure, treatment plan, product, or course of action. Simple kidney cysts are more common as people age. Spinal Cord Ser Cases. For these, please consult a doctor (virtually or in person). By using this Site you agree to the following, By using this Site you agree to the following. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. These foci were not related to cognitive function or cerebrovascular risk factors; instead, they were highly correlated to age, being present in 11 of 11 subjects aged 75 years and over. Tuberculous Myelopathy Associated with Longitudinally Extensive Lesion: A Clinicoradiological Review of Reported Cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Singapore Med J. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The pictures show both old and new inflammation. I would want to know if you had an elevated CRP, sed rate or a positive ANA test. Neurologist isn't worried. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. In spin echo sequences, immediately after the 90 pulse, all the spinning dipoles within the slice are exactly in phase. i do not have migraines, h bp or diabetes. Background: White matter hyperintensities (WMH) lesions on T2/FLAIR brain MRI are frequently seen in healthy elderly people. [8], In most elderly people, presence of severe WMH and medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA) was linked with an increase in frequency of mild cognitive deficits. What does it mean if a t2 prolongation on brain mri is getting larger? J Clin Neurol. The above discussion presumes we are dealing with a "standard" magnitude-reconstructed spin-echo image. My mri states: there is a single region of three foci of t2 prolongation within the white matter. after doing so it was noted on the report that a t2 hyperintensity had been observed on my left kidney . Without treatment, supraspinatus tendonitis can take up to 6 months to heal. Foci of increased T2 signal intensity were found on brain MR scans in 16 (59%) of 27 healthy elderly volunteer subjects, ages 63 to 86 years old. Brain mri results " few scattered nonspecific punctuate focal areas of t2 prolongation subcortacally within both frontal lobes" just diagnosed with r? Certainly, these findings are not diagnostic for any entity, and may represent old head injury, prior cigarette smoking, or even changes in arteries a to start having migraine at 41. Get prescriptions or refills through a video chat, if the doctor feels the prescriptions are medically appropriate. i have been morbidly obese most of my life recently losing over a hundred pounds but still no improvement. Never disregard the medical advice of your physician or health professional, or delay in seeking such advice, because of something you read on this Site. Differential diagnosis of T2 hyperintense spinal cord lesions: part B Hyperintense spinal cord signal on T2-weighted images is seen in a wide-ranging variety of spinal cord processes. [12], It is also thought that WMH have a negative impact on cognition in people with Alzheimer's disease. What is the grading scale for supraspinatus tendinopathy? It says multiple (greater than 25) small abnormal T2/flair signal throughout the periventricular deep and subcortical whitemat? This is often due to a combination of atherosclerosis, demyelination (loss of the "white matter" covering the nerves ), and scarring. The T2 tells you that the image was made using a T2-weighted MRI scan. As motion, and therefore the local field fluctuations, decreases below the Larmor frequency in tissues and tendons,dipoles that are aligned with the main magnetic field start contributing to T2 relaxation by causing local variations in precession rate. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. government site. This rate of flipping or transfer of energy between spins or dipoles increases as the frequency of the variation of the local magnetic field approaches the Larmor frequency. Who wrote the music and lyrics for Kinky Boots? Radiologists play a valuable role in helping narrow the differential diagnosis by integrating patient history and laboratory test results with key imaging characteristics. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help By using our website, you consent to our use of cookies. These small regions of high intensity are observed on T2 weighted MRI images (typically created using 3D FLAIR) within cerebral white matter (white matter lesions, white matter hyperintensities or WMH)[1][2] or subcortical gray matter (gray matter hyperintensities or GMH). T2 images are a map of proton energy within fatty AND water-based tissues of the body Fatty tissue is distinguished from water-based tissue by comparing with the T1 images - anything that is bright on the T2 images but dark on the T1 images is fluid-based tissue Please note, we cannot prescribe controlled substances, diet pills, antipsychotics, or other commonly abused medications. 2010 Jul-Aug;39(4):160-85. doi: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2009.05.004. 2015 Dec;53(12):842-8. doi: 10.1038/sc.2015.110. They are all conncected. Whether these radiological lesions correspond to irreversible histological changes is still a matter of debate. Never disregard the medical advice of your physician or health professional, or delay in seeking such advice, because of something you read on this Site. Created for people with ongoing healthcare needs but benefits everyone. Epub 2015 Jul 14. What does it mean that the Bible was divinely inspired? 5 What is the grading scale for supraspinatus tendinopathy? Several treatments can prevent 80% of new T2 lesions from developing in the brain. Get prescriptions or refills through a video chat, if the doctor feels the prescriptions are medically appropriate. Typical examples are shown in Figures 1-8. I recently had an ultrasound and they found "spots" on both kidneys, Rhabdomyolysis Hospitalization with torturous muscle pain and bedridden, The Best IOL for 2022 RXSight Light Adjusted Lens, Will refractive surgery such as LASIK keep me out of glasses all my life. Note: T2 relaxation is not to be confused with T2*, which is a broader phenomenon and includes static magnetic field effects in addition to the tissue-characteristic T2 relaxation. The same conclusions and observations would not necessarily apply in other situations, such as if the sequence were a phase-sensitive inversion recovery one, for example. The biophysical basis of tissue contrast in extracranial MR imaging. How do you treat inflammation of the supraspinatus tendon? CCF-Neuro-M.D.-PW. White matter disease is an umbrella term for damage to your brain's white matter caused by reduced blood flow to the tissue. I am a having a few issues but my main concern is: i recently had a MRI of my lumbar spine to diagnose the severity of my spinal stenosis. Reversible myelopathy with vitamin B12 deficiency. C.V. Mosby. Background White matter hyperintensities (WMH) lesions on T2/FLAIR brain MRI are frequently seen in healthy elderly people. The hyperintense focus is a bright spot, likely caused by higher than expected water content. Senol MG, Sonmez G, Ozdag F, Saracoglu M. Do-Dai DD, Brooks MK, Goldkamp A, Erbay S, Bhadelia RA. A T2WI relies upon the transverse relaxation (also known as "spin-spin" relaxation) of the net magnetization vector (NMV). The rapid motion results in the T1 and T2 being about the same in pure water. (1999) ISBN:0815185189. Causes including simple MR artefacts, trauma, primary and secondary tumours, radiation myelitis and diastematomyelia were discussed in Part A. T2 weighting tends to require long TE and TR times. This report means that this tissue has different characteristics (has more water) than the surrounding tissue. protract adds to prolong implications of needlessness, vexation, or indefiniteness. To the right are images of a brain tumor with intrinsically long T1 and T2 values having opposite intensities on T1- and T2-weighted images. The MS Lesion Checklist provides brief definitions for 10 types of lesions that are best appreciated on axial or sagittal T2-weighted (T2W) and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences. . T2 relaxation occurs in a varying local magnetic field when there is transfer of energy between dipoles facing parallel and antiparallel to the external magnetic field, flipping each other in opposite directions. Fortunately, some treatments can prevent up to 90% of these lesions from forming. These small regions of high intensity are observed on T2 weighted MRI images (typically created using 3D FLAIR) within cerebral white matter (white matter . T2 reflects the length of time it takes for the MR signal to decay in the transverse plane. I am a thirty two year old femalesix feet tall and three hundred forty pounds. Usually this is due to an increased water content of the tissue. Punctate focus of t2 prolongation in the left centrum semiovale, What does it mean there is focal abnormal t2 and t1 prolongation. The water that is in bone, teeth, and calculi would mostly be bound as to collagen and would have a very short T2 time constant and appear dark. . A wide range of instructive cases is discussed here, with review of the published reports focusing on pertinent MR features to aid in diagnosis. Check for errors and try again. We report the radiologic-histopathologic concordance between T2/FLAIR WMHs and neuropathologically confirmed demyelination in the periventricular, perivascular . You have 4 two lateral venticles, and two midline. An official website of the United States government. Deep white matter hyperintensites occur deep within white matter, periventricular white matter hyperintensities occur adjacent to the lateral ventricles and subcortical hyperintensities occur in the basal ganglia. 11, 23 It is still unclear the number of cases in which these causes of T2-signal increase may . Your brain has ventricles which are fluid filled cavities on the inside of you brain. 1. Just got my MRI report. An abnormal prolongation can be associated with metabolic problem. Almost immediately, they lose coherence as some spin slightly faster than the others. What is the grading scale for supraspinatus tendinopathy? By using this Site you agree to the following, By using this Site you agree to the following, mri results - Multiple Sclerosis Community, My 12yr old has a growing brain tumor - Neurology Community, Brin MRI findings in my 3 yo - Neurology Community, White Spots on Brain - Neurology Community, Interpretation of Brain MRI Results - Brain, Pituitary and Skull Base Tumor Forum Expert Forum, Help with Child's Brain/Spinal MRI Results - Neurology Community, new ms diagnosis - Multiple Sclerosis Community, NEW MRI RESULTS - Multiple Sclerosis Community, Would someone be able to help me interpret my MRI report? Does contrast MRI show nerve damage? HealthTap uses cookies to enhance your site experience and for analytics and advertising purposes. Advanced Discussion (show/hide) References Elster AD. A hyperintensity or T2 hyperintensity is an area of high intensity on types of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the brain of a human or of another mammal that reflect lesions produced largely by demyelination and axonal loss. This finding has been variously attributed to the presence of fat, muscle, connective tissue, abnormal vascularity, or degenerative changes. This is likely your case by use of the word "minimal." Also how common are such findings that are "nonspecific"? T2 refers to the time it takes to spin the hydrogen atoms. Remember that bright doesn't mean "compared to the rest of the scan," it means "compared to how that area is supposed to look." 2018 Sep;59(9):460-464. doi: 10.11622/smedj.2018109. MRI found mild scattered foci of abnormal T2 signal are demonstrated in peri ventricular white matter, particularly along frontal convexities. [6], Postmortem studies combined with MRI suggest that hyperintensities are dilated perivascular spaces, or demyelination caused by reduced local blood flow. Kinesiology Tape (KT Tape) or Shoulder Sling. Many of the lesions may not be causing obvious symptoms. [5] Hyperintensities appear as "bright signals" (bright areas) on an MRI image and the term "bright signal" is occasionally used as a synonym for a hyperintensity. There are innumerable punctate T2/FLARE hyperintense lesions throughout the subcortical and periventricular white matter. What does it mean when a MRI (brain) says there are ten small t2 hyperintense foci within the periventricular deep white matter. Please help keep this site free for everyone in the world! The prevailing view is that these intensities are a marker of small-vessel vascular disease and in clinical practice, are . To understand this "paradox", you must realize that apixel's "brightness" or "darkness" on an MR image is directly related to the magnitude of the detected MR signal. RE: differential diagnosis of T2 hyperintense spinal cord lesions. T2 reflects the length of time it takes for the MR signal to decay in the transverse plane. Rest. ? after an RF excitation pulse, there is relaxation of the spins from the transverse plane toward the main longitudinal magnetic vector (B 0) - this is T1 weighting. what does this mean? Misdiagnosis of spinal subacute combined degeneration in a patient with elevated serum B12 concentration and sensory deficit level. Clinics in diagnostic imaging (190). ADVERTISEMENT: Supporters see fewer/no ads. Dr. A, I recently had an MRI and the radiologist reading is as follows: Some minimal T2 signal abnormality is noted in the periventricular white matter of the atria of the lateral ventricle, right greater than left. Video chat with a U.S. board-certified doctor 24/7 in less than one minute for common issues such as: colds and coughs, stomach symptoms, bladder infections, rashes, and more. A T2WI relies upon the transverse relaxation (also known as "spin-spin" relaxation) of the net magnetization vector (NMV). You have 4 two lateral venticles, and two midline. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. FInstP PJAOBEPFIPSM, CSci JWMFIPEM. White matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are lesions in the brain that show up as areas of increased brightness when visualised by T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). thanks. V1/T1 = V2/T2 Where temperature must be in Kelvins 67C + 273 = 340 K So 140/340 = 50/T2 Find T2 340/140 (50) = T2 T2 = 121 K or -152C. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. We offer this Site AS IS and without any warranties. Video chat with a U.S. board-certified doctor 24/7 in less than one minute for common issues such as: colds and coughs, stomach symptoms, bladder infections, rashes, and more. what does "increased t2 prolongation involving the right midbrain" mean on his mri? - Radiology Community. It is a measure of the time taken for spinning protons to lose phase coherence among the nuclei spinning perpendicular to the main field. What does this mean There are a few scattered small foci of t2 hyperintensity in the periventricular and subcortical white matter of each cerbral white matter of each cerebral hemishere. We offer this Site AS IS and without any warranties. Epub 2016 Apr 4. [10][11] Pathological signs of oligodendritic apoptosis and damage to axonal projections have been evident. We offer this Site AS IS and without any warranties. The authors present an algorithmic approach to evaluating intrinsic abnormality of . In all tissues, there exist tiny magnetic fields (~1mT) generated by the spinning hydrogen nuclei (protons). Intramedullary cord hyperintensity at T2-weighted MRI is a common imaging feature of disease in the spinal cord, but it is nonspecific. Resting the shoulder and upper arm is necessary at the first sign of pain from an injury. The Content on this Site is presented in a summary fashion, and is intended to be used for educational and entertainment purposes only. For example, deep white matter hyperintensites are 2.5 to 3 times more likely to occur in bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder than control subjects. 1 What is increased T2 signal on MRI report? Cervical (neck) spinal cord T2/FLAIR lesions could cause tingling and numbness in the hands and legs. At the time the article was last revised Patrick J Rock had no recorded disclosures. How to detect T2 prolongation in skeletal muscle? The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. . This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. MedHelp is not a medical or healthcare provider and your use of this Site does not create a doctor / patient relationship. WMH's are also referred to as Leukoaraiosis and are often found in CT or MRI's of older patients. MRI is essential: to confirm the suspected diagnosis of MS. to evaluate for alternative diagnoses. They are all conncected. By using this Site you agree to the following, By using this Site you agree to the following, The Best IOL for 2022 RXSight Light Adjusted Lens, Will refractive surgery such as LASIK keep me out of glasses all my life, what is scattered signal hyperintensities in the deep left frontal white matter, T2 Hyperintense signal in the distal sacrm. Get prescriptions or refills through a video chat, if the doctor feels the prescriptions are medically appropriate. To learn more, please visit our, Your brain has ventricles which are fluid filled cavities on the inside of you brain. Many similar examples of additive (augmenting) or subtractive (competing) image contrasts between two tissue components may be cited. T2-hyperintense foci on brain MR imaging MRI is a sensitive method of CNS focal lesions detection but is less specific as far as their differentiation is concerned. T2 refers to the time it takes to spin the hydrogen atoms. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. Educational text answers on HealthTap are not intended for individual diagnosis, treatment or prescription. It really concerns me since i seem to be having a number of issues. prolongation definition: 1. the act of making something last a longer time: 2. the act of making something last a longer. What does "increased T2 prolongation involving the right midbrain" mean on his MRI? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Mri brain was done it showed scattered white matter foci of increased t2 prolongation. T2 relaxation occurs due to tissue-particular characteristics, primarily those that affect the rate of movement of protons, most of which are found in water molecules. Differential diagnosis of T2 hyperintense spinal cord lesions: Part A. A short T2 means that the signal decays very rapidly. Gradient Diffusion Spin Echo Sequencethat is both positively T2-weighted and negatively D*-weighted. Hello and hope you are doing well. This is related in part to the slower motion of protons both in macromolecules as well as water molecules attracted to the surface of the macromolecule. My 12yr old has a growing brain tumor - Neurology Community. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". This site needs JavaScript to work properly. For these, please consult a doctor (virtually or in person). Which following agency provides standards for indoor air quality? 3 How long does supraspinatus tendinopathy take to heal? What does this mean? What causes increased signal in the normal supraspinatus tendon? Supraspinatus Muscle and Rotator Cuff Tendonitis Treatment. For potential or actual medical emergencies, immediately call 911 or your local emergency service. The dipole-dipole interaction is also increased the strength of the local field which is dependent on the proximity of the adjacent dipoles. I have been hospitalized 3 times with rhabdo with a CPK of 7715.
How To Keep Pea Crabs Alive, Mga Produkto Sa Trabaho, Ark Genesis Mission Complete Command, Newham Parking Zones, Best Cambridge College For Postgraduates, Articles W